Enhance Your Energy Levels with Vitamin B Supplements
Vitamin B supplements encompass a broad range of essential nutrients known as the B-complex vitamins, each playing a pivotal role in maintaining overall health and well-being. The B-complex group includes eight distinct vitamins: B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folate or folic acid), and B12 (cobalamin). These water-soluble vitamins are crucial for energy production, red blood cell formation, and the proper functioning of the nervous system. Given their extensive involvement in metabolic processes, ensuring adequate intake of B vitamins is vital for maintaining optimal health.
The modern diet often falls short in providing sufficient amounts of these essential nutrients, particularly for individuals with restrictive diets, certain medical conditions, or high-stress lifestyles that increase their nutritional needs. Symptoms of B vitamin deficiencies can range from fatigue, weakness, and anemia to neurological issues and compromised immune function. Vitamin B supplements offer a convenient and effective solution to bridge these nutritional gaps, ensuring that the body receives the necessary support to function efficiently and maintain energy levels.
One of the primary benefits of vitamin B supplements is their role in energy metabolism. B vitamins act as coenzymes in the conversion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy. For instance, thiamine (B1) helps convert carbohydrates into ATP, the energy currency of the cell, while riboflavin (B2) and niacin (B3) are integral to the electron transport chain, a critical pathway in cellular respiration. By supporting these metabolic processes, B-complex supplements can help reduce fatigue and improve overall energy levels, making them particularly beneficial for individuals with demanding lifestyles or those experiencing chronic tiredness.
In addition to their role in energy production, B vitamins are essential for maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails, as well as supporting brain health and cognitive function. Biotin (B7) is well-known for promoting healthy hair and nails, while folate (B9) and B12 are crucial for DNA synthesis and red blood cell production, preventing anemia and supporting overall vitality. Furthermore, B6, B9, and B12 are involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, which regulate mood and cognitive function. Adequate intake of these vitamins can help alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety, enhance mental clarity, and support emotional well-being. By incorporating vitamin B supplements into their daily routine, individuals can ensure they receive comprehensive nutritional support for both physical and mental health.
Top Seller
Nature's Bounty Vitamin B12 Supports Energy Metabolism
“Unleash boundless energy! Vitamin B12, the powerhouse for metabolism support. 1000mcg in 200 tablets – your daily dose of vitality.”
Nature’s Bounty Vitamin B-12 is a crucial nutrient that supports cellular energy and overall health. Each serving packs 1000 mcg of B-12, aiding in food conversion to energy. Beyond energy metabolism, B-12 benefits the nervous and cardiovascular systems, promoting circulatory health. These easy-to-swallow-coated tablets are suitable for vegetarians and free from sugar, lactose, gluten, and GMOs. With no artificial flavors, these high-quality B-12 vitamins are crafted by the trusted experts at Nature’s Bounty, backed by nearly 50 years of science, innovation, and expertise. Elevate your well-being with this essential vitamin that fuels your vitality and health.
- Age Range: Adults
- Form: Tablet
- Flavor: Unflavored
- Dose Strength: 1000mcg
- Serving Size: 1 Tablet daily
- It includes: Vitamin B12
- Dietary Considerations: Vegetarian, Gluten Free, No Artificial Color or Flavor, Sugar Free, No Starch, No milk or Lactose, No Soy, No Wheat, No Yeast, No Fish, Sodium Free
- Package Size: 200 items
Top-Quality Nutrition
Vitafusion Extra Strength Vitamin B12 Gummy Vitamins
“Cherry-charged vitality in every bite! America’s Number 1 Vitamin B12 Gummies – 90 count for 45 days of energetic support.”
Vitafusion Extra Strength Vitamin B12 Gummy Vitamins offer a delightful solution for energy metabolism and nervous system health. These gummies provide a tasty alternative to hard-to-swallow pills. Vitamin B12 is essential for energy production, red blood cell formation, and converting food into energy for overall well-being. Each serving offers a substantial 3,000 mcg of Vitamin B12 as a dietary supplement. What makes these gummies stand out is their commitment to quality, containing no artificial flavors, sweeteners, gluten, high-fructose corn syrup, dairy, or synthetic dyes. With 90 gummies per bottle, you’ll have a 45-day supply. Vitafusion is the exclusive gummy vitamin brand recognized with the ChefsBest Excellence Award for taste.Â
- Age Range: Adults
- Form: Gummy
- Flavor: Cherry
- Dose Strength: 3000mcg
- Serving Size: 2 Gummies daily
- It includes: Vitamin B12
- Dietary Considerations: Gluten Free, No high-fructose corn syrup, No artificial sweeteners, No dairy, No synthetic FD&C dyes
- Package Size: 90 items
Best Overall Pick
Nature Made Vitamin B12 for Energy Metabolism Support
“Fuel your day with Vitamin B12 1000mcg! 150 softgels for a 150-day supply – the key to sustained energy metabolism support.”
Nature Made Vitamin B12 1000 mcg Softgels are vital for converting food into your daily energy. Sourced from high-quality, gluten-free ingredients, these B12 supplements are free from synthetic dyes and artificial flavors. They’re especially beneficial for vegetarians and vegans who may lack sufficient B12. For best results, take one softgel daily with water and a meal. Nature Made is a trusted brand with rigorous testing and USP (United States Pharmacopeia) verification, upholding the highest standards of quality, ingredient potency, and manufacturing. USP, an organization setting official dietary supplement standards, provides consumer confidence. Enhance your energy and overall well-being with Nature Made Softgels, fueling your body’s energy metabolism and daily vitality.
- Age Range: Adults
- Form: Softgel
- Flavor: Unflavored
- Dose Strength:Â 1000mcg
- Serving Size: 1 Softgel daily
- It includes: Vitamin B12
- Dietary Considerations: Gluten Free, No Artificial Color or Flavor
- Package Size: 150 items
Quality Daily Supplement
Jarrow Formulas Maximum Strength Methyl B-12 5000 mcg
“Maximize your vitality with B-12 5000mcg! Chewable cherry-flavored tablets for cellular energy and brain health support in a 60-day supply.”
Jarrow Formulas Maximum Strength Methyl B-12 5000mcg Chewable Tablets offer a convenient solution for Vitamin B12 deficiency, especially beneficial for vegetarians, vegans, and those over 50. This vegan and gluten-free dietary supplement is made from high-quality non-GMO ingredients and is free from common allergens. Featuring Methyl B-12, the readily absorbed form of Vitamin B12, it supports cellular energy, brain health, and sleep. Each cherry-flavored chewable tablet delivers a potent 5000 mcg of Methyl B-12, safeguarding brain cells, nerve tissue, and neurotransmitter function while reducing homocysteine levels. Take one tablet daily, as recommended by your healthcare professional, to benefit from Jarrow Formulas’ extensive scientific research, prioritizing your brain health and overall well-being.
- Age Range: Adults
- Form: Capsule
- Flavor: Unflavored
- Dose Strength:Â 5000mcg
- Serving Size: 1 Capsule daily
- It includes:Â Vitamin B12
- Dietary Considerations: Non-GMO, Vegan, Gluten Free, No wheat, No soybeans, No dairy, No egg, No fish, No shellfish, No peanuts, No tree nuts, No sesame
- Package Size: 60 items
Ultimate Nutrition Source
Nature Made Vitamin B12 500 mcg
“Elevate your energy with Vitamin B12 500mcg! 100 tablets, a 100-day supply for consistent support in the journey of vitality.”
Nature Made Vitamin B12 500 mcg Tablets are a reliable source of essential B12 vitamins, vital for daily energy through food breakdown. These high-quality, gluten-free tablets are crafted from premium ingredients without added colors, artificial flavors, or preservatives. Supporting energy metabolism, they’re an excellent addition to daily routines, particularly beneficial for vegetarians and vegans who may lack B12 in their diets. To benefit from Nature Made’s quality, adults should take one Vitamin B12 tablet daily with water and a meal. Nature Made, a trusted brand known for its commitment to high-quality supplements, assures you’re investing in a reliable product for your health.
- Age Range: Adults
- Form: Tablet
- Flavor: Unflavored
- Dose Strength:Â 500mcg
- Serving Size: 1 Tablet daily
- It includes: Vitamin B12
- Dietary Considerations: No color added, No artificial flavors, No preservatives, Gluten Free
- Package Size: 200 items
Nutrient Excellence
Garden of Life B12 Vitamin Organic Whole Food
“Sip into vitality! Whole Food B-12 in Raspberry liquid form. Energize metabolism and fuel your day with this 2oz dynamo.”
Experience a vitamin revolution with mykind Organics B-12, your ORGANIC ENERGY source! Packed with Methylcobalamin, the natural form of Vitamin B-12, it’s a game-changer for your health, supporting energy, metabolism, blood cells, and DNA synthesis. This raspberry-flavored spray is not just delicious; it’s also Third-Party tested and certified USDA Organic, Non-GMO Project Verified, Vegan, Gluten-Free, and Kosher. One spray offers 500mcg of methyl B-12, and a single bottle provides an incredible 140 servings, offering outstanding value for your health. Elevate your focus and energy with mykind Organics B-12 Spray, a quick and convenient way to boost your day. Note that the FDA has not evaluated these statements, and the product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
- Age Range: Adults
- Form: Liquid
- Flavor: Raspberry
- Dose Strength:Â 500mcg
- Serving Size: 1 Spray daily
- It includes: Vitamin B12
- Dietary Considerations: Certified USDA Organic, Non-GMO Verified, Vegan Certified, Gluten Free Certified, Kosher Made
- Package Size: 58 ml
Best Vitality Aid
EZ Melts Dissolvable B12 Vitamin 2,500 mcg
“Unleash energy in an instant! Dissolvable B12 Vitamin 2,500mcg – a quick burst of vitality for a dynamic day ahead.”
EZ Melts Dissolvable Vitamin B12 Supplements offer a convenient and effective way to boost your overall well-being. These bioactive B12 vitamins are designed to dissolve rapidly in your mouth, making them easy to consume and ensuring improved intake compared to traditional pills or capsules. Notably, these cherry-flavored tablets contain zero sugar, making them suitable for a variety of dietary preferences, including vegan diets. Vitamin B12 plays a vital role in energy production, nerve function, and red blood cell formation, making it an essential nutrient for maintaining health and vitality. With 90 tablets per container, EZ Melts provides a generous supply to support your daily B12 needs.Â
- Age Range: Adults
- Form: Tablet
- Flavor:Â Cherry
- Dose Strength:Â 2500mcg
- Serving Size: 1 Tablet daily
- It includes: Vitamin B12
- Dietary Considerations: Non-GMO, No milk, No egg, No fish, No shellfish, No tree nuts, No peanuts, No wheat, No soy
- Package Size: 90 items
Proven Effectiveness
Jarrow Formulas Extra Strength Methyl B-12
“Energize your core with B-12, Methyl Folate, and P-5-P! Chewable tablets for cellular energy and heart health in 100 days.”
Jarrow Formulas Extra Strength Methyl B-12 and Methyl Folate are convenient chewable tablets, crafted from top-notch, non-GMO ingredients. This vegan, gluten-free formula offers 1000 mcg of Methyl B12 and 400 mcg of Methyl Folate per serving, essential for brain function and cellular energy metabolism. It features the coenzyme form of Vitamin B6, Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P-5-P), supporting protein and amino acid metabolism. With a refreshing lemon flavor, these tablets help recycle homocysteine to methionine for cardiovascular health. Easily incorporated into your daily routine, adults can take one chewable tablet daily with guidance from a healthcare professional.Â
- Age Range: Adults
- Form: Tablet
- Flavor: Lemon
- Dose Strength:Â 1000mcg
- Serving Size: 1 Tablet daily
- It includes: Vitamin B12, Vitamin B9, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6
- Dietary Considerations: Vegan, Gluten Free, Non-GMO
- Package Size: 100 ml
Clinical Potency
Garden of Life B12 Vitamin Code Raw
“Fuel your energy naturally! Vitamin Code Raw B12 – 30 capsules of whole food Methylcobalamin, vegan-friendly, with probiotics and enzymes.”
Garden of Life B12 – Vitamin Code Raw B-12 – 30 Capsules is a powerful whole-food-based supplement designed to boost energy and vitality. Featuring 1,000mcg of Methylcobalamin, the most bioavailable form of B12, it supports energy production at the cellular level. What sets this product apart is its inclusion of probiotics and enzymes, enhancing nutrient absorption and promoting a healthy gut. This vegan-friendly B12 vitamin is sourced from whole foods, making it a sustainable and ethical choice. Additionally, it’s gluten-free, catering to various dietary needs. With just 30 capsules per bottle, it’s a convenient option for those seeking an energy boost, especially if they follow a plant-based diet. Elevate your overall well-being and combat fatigue with Garden of Life’s B12 supplement.
- Age Range: Adults
- Form: Capsule
- Flavor: Unflavored
- Dose Strength:Â 1000mcg
- Serving Size: 1 Tablet daily
- It includes: Vitamin B12
- Dietary Considerations: Vegan, Gluten Free, Dairy Free with No Binders or Fillers
- Package Size: 30 items
Pure Nutritional Bliss
Solgar Methylcobalamin Vitamin B12 5000 mcg
“Unleash energy naturally! Methylcobalamin B12 5000mcg Nuggets – 60 count of active, vegan, and non-GMO support for a vibrant life.”
Solgar Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12) 5000 mcg is a high-potency supplement in a convenient nugget form designed to support energy metabolism. This formula contains Methylcobalamin, which is the body’s active and readily absorbed form of B12, ensuring that your body can efficiently utilize this vital nutrient. Each pack contains 60 nuggets, providing a substantial supply. What makes this supplement even more appealing is its commitment to quality and inclusivity. It is non-GMO, vegan-friendly, and free from gluten and dairy, catering to a wide range of dietary preferences. Additionally, it is certified Kosher, meeting the standards of quality and purity. Whether you’re looking to enhance your energy levels, support your body’s metabolism, or maintain overall health.
- Age Range: Adults
- Form: Nugget
- Flavor: Unflavored
- Dose Strength:Â 5000mcg
- Serving Size: 1 Nugget daily
- It includes: Vitamin B12
- Dietary Considerations: Gluten Free, Vegan, Kosher, Wheat Free, Dairy Free, Soy Free, Yeast Free, Sugar Free, Sodium Free, No artificial flavor, No sweetener, No color, Non-GMO
- Package Size: 60 items
Understanding the Benefits of Vitamin B Complex
Vitamin B complex is a group of eight essential B vitamins that play various roles in maintaining overall health and well-being. Here are some of the key benefits of vitamin B complex:
Energy Production: B vitamins, particularly B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), and B7 (biotin), are crucial for converting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy that the body can use. They help in the metabolism of food, providing the energy needed for daily activities.
Nervous System Support: Vitamin B1, B6 (pyridoxine), B9 (folate), and B12 (cobalamin) are essential for maintaining a healthy nervous system. They support the production of neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that transmit signals between nerve cells, helping to regulate mood, cognition, and overall neurological function.
Healthy Skin, Hair, and Nails: B vitamins like biotin (B7) and niacin (B3) play key roles in maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails. Biotin, in particular, is often included in beauty supplements due to its role in promoting healthy hair and nail growth.
Red Blood Cell Formation: Vitamin B12 and folate (B9) are crucial for the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body. Deficiencies in these vitamins can lead to anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
Heart Health: Several B vitamins, including B6, B9, and B12, help regulate levels of homocysteine, an amino acid linked to an increased risk of heart disease when present in high levels. Adequate intake of these vitamins may help lower homocysteine levels and promote heart health.
Digestive Health: B vitamins are involved in the production of digestive enzymes that break down food for absorption. Vitamin B5, in particular, plays a role in the synthesis of coenzyme A, which is involved in the metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Stress Management: B vitamins, especially B5 and B6, are involved in the synthesis of stress hormones like cortisol. Adequate intake of these vitamins may help the body better cope with stress and support overall mental well-being.
Supports Pregnancy and Fetal Development: Folate (B9) is crucial for preventing neural tube defects in developing fetuses. Pregnant women are often advised to take folic acid supplements to ensure an adequate intake of this essential nutrient.
Eye Health: Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is important for maintaining healthy vision. It supports the function of the cornea and plays a role in protecting against conditions like cataracts.
Overall, vitamin B complex plays a multitude of vital roles in the body, supporting everything from energy production to neurological function, and maintaining overall health and well-being.
Choosing the Right Vitamin B Supplement: Tips and Recommendations
When selecting a vitamin B supplement, it’s essential to consider various factors to ensure you’re getting a product that meets your needs effectively. Here are some tips and recommendations:
Check the Form and Dosage: Vitamin B supplements are available in various forms, including capsules, tablets, liquids, and gummies. Choose a form that is convenient for you to take and digest. Additionally, consider the dosage of each B vitamin in the supplement and ensure it aligns with your nutritional needs.
Look for a Complete B Complex: Opt for a supplement that contains all eight B vitamins: B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folate), and B12 (cobalamin). A complete B complex ensures you’re getting the full spectrum of B vitamins for optimal health benefits.
Consider the Source and Quality: Choose a reputable brand known for producing high-quality supplements. Look for products that undergo third-party testing for purity, potency, and quality control. Additionally, consider whether the supplement contains natural or synthetic forms of B vitamins, as some individuals may prefer natural sources.
Check for Additives and Allergens: Review the supplement’s ingredient list for any additives, fillers, or allergens that may be of concern to you. Some supplements may contain artificial colors, flavors, or preservatives, while others may be free of common allergens like gluten, dairy, or soy.
Evaluate Absorption and Bioavailability: Consider whether the supplement includes additional ingredients to enhance absorption and bioavailability of B vitamins. For example, certain forms of B vitamins, such as methylcobalamin (a form of vitamin B12), may be more readily absorbed by the body compared to others.
Consult with a Healthcare Professional: If you have specific health concerns or medical conditions, consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen. They can provide personalized recommendations based on your individual needs and help you determine the appropriate dosage.
Consider Your Diet and Lifestyle: Assess your diet and lifestyle factors that may impact your B vitamin intake. If you follow a vegetarian or vegan diet, you may need to pay extra attention to B12 supplementation, as this vitamin is primarily found in animal products. Similarly, certain medications or lifestyle habits like alcohol consumption may affect B vitamin absorption and utilization.
Read Reviews and Consumer Feedback: Before making a purchase, read reviews and feedback from other consumers to get insights into the effectiveness and tolerability of the supplement. Look for testimonials from individuals with similar health concerns or goals as yours.
By considering these tips and recommendations, you can choose the right vitamin B supplement to support your overall health and well-being effectively. Remember to incorporate a balanced diet rich in B vitamin-containing foods alongside supplementation for optimal results.
Here's a comprehensive guide
Benefits of Vitamin B Supplements:
- Energy Production: B vitamins play a crucial role in converting food into energy, supporting overall vitality and stamina.
- Nervous System Support: Vitamin B complex helps maintain a healthy nervous system, supporting cognitive function and mood regulation.
- Metabolism Boost: B vitamins aid in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, assisting in weight management and nutrient absorption.
- Heart Health: Certain B vitamins, such as B6, B9, and B12, help regulate homocysteine levels, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
- Red Blood Cell Formation: Vitamin B12 and folate are essential for the production of red blood cells, preventing anemia and promoting oxygen transport.
- Skin, Hair, and Nail Health: Biotin (B7) and niacin (B3) support healthy skin, hair, and nails, enhancing overall appearance and integrity.
- Stress Reduction: B vitamins, particularly B5 and B6, aid in the synthesis of stress hormones, promoting resilience and relaxation.
- Digestive Health: B vitamins facilitate the production of digestive enzymes, improving nutrient absorption and gut health.
Tips for Choosing Vitamin B Supplements:
- Comprehensive Formulation: Select a vitamin B complex supplement that includes all eight B vitamins for maximum benefits.
- Quality Assurance: Choose supplements from reputable brands that undergo third-party testing for potency, purity, and safety.
- Bioavailability: Look for supplements containing active forms of B vitamins, ensuring optimal absorption and utilization by the body.
- Dosage Consideration: Assess your individual needs and adjust the dosage accordingly, consulting with a healthcare professional if necessary.
- Form Preference: Consider the form of supplement (e.g., capsules, tablets, liquids) that best suits your preferences and lifestyle.
- Allergen-Free: Check the label for potential allergens and additives, opting for supplements free from artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives.
- Combination Formulas: Explore combination supplements that include additional nutrients or herbs synergistic with vitamin B complex for enhanced benefits.
Recommendations for Usage:
- Consistency is Key: Take the supplement daily as directed to maintain steady levels of B vitamins in the body.
- Pair with Balanced Diet: Supplement B vitamins with a diverse diet rich in whole foods to ensure comprehensive nutrient intake.
- Monitor Effects: Pay attention to any changes in energy levels, mood, or overall well-being, adjusting the dosage or formulation as needed.
- Consultation: Consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Holistic Approach: Incorporate vitamin B supplements into a holistic wellness routine that includes regular exercise, adequate sleep, stress management, and other healthy lifestyle habits.
By following these tips, recommendations, and benefits, you can make informed choices about vitamin B supplements and optimize their potential to support your health and well-being.
Frequently Asked Questions
Vitamin B complex is a group of essential water-soluble vitamins that play crucial roles in various bodily functions. It is useful for supporting energy metabolism, as B vitamins help convert food into energy. These vitamins are vital for maintaining healthy skin, hair, and eyes, and they play a role in the formation of red blood cells. Additionally, B complex vitamins are essential for proper nerve function and support a healthy nervous system. They contribute to DNA synthesis, which is essential for cell growth and repair. Overall, vitamin B complex is essential for overall health, including energy production, nervous system function, and the maintenance of healthy skin and blood cells.
It's essential to consult a healthcare provider before taking vitamin B supplements alongside other medications, as interactions can occur. Some medications may interfere with the absorption or effectiveness of B vitamins, while others can be affected by B vitamin supplementation. For example, certain antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and acid-reducing drugs can impact B vitamin absorption. Conversely, B vitamins, particularly B6 and B12, can influence the efficacy of certain medications. Your healthcare provider can assess your specific medications and health conditions to provide guidance on potential interactions and help you determine the most appropriate supplement regimen while avoiding adverse effects or reduced medication effectiveness.
Whether to take B12 or B complex depends on your specific needs. If you have a known B12 deficiency or are at risk of it due to factors like a vegan diet or certain medical conditions, a standalone B12 supplement may be sufficient. However, B complex supplements provide a spectrum of B vitamins, which can be beneficial for overall health. If you want to boost energy, support your nervous system, promote healthy skin, and cover all B vitamin bases, a B complex may be a better choice. Always consult with a healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate supplement for your individual needs.
Vitamin B supplements provide essential B vitamins that play vital roles in various bodily functions. They support energy metabolism by helping convert food into usable energy, combating fatigue. B vitamins, including B6 and B12, promote brain and nervous system health, enhancing cognitive function. They contribute to healthy skin, hair, and eyes and facilitate the formation of red blood cells for efficient oxygen transport. B complex vitamins aid in DNA synthesis, crucial for cell growth and repair. They bolster the immune system and are vital for individuals with dietary restrictions, like vegetarians or vegans, who may not obtain sufficient B vitamins from their diets.
Taking vitamin B supplements daily is generally safe for most people, as these water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body and are excreted in urine if consumed in excess. However, it's important to follow recommended dosages and consult a healthcare professional before starting any supplement regimen. Taking excessive amounts of certain B vitamins can lead to adverse effects. Additionally, some individuals, such as those with certain medical conditions or those who already have sufficient B vitamin intake from their diets, may not need daily supplementation. The best approach is to assess your specific dietary and health needs with a healthcare provider before committing to daily vitamin B supplementation.
